Social services access and needs among migrant populations in vulnerable situations in Finland

Abstract Background Despite Nordic welfare states’ commitment to equitable social service access, migrants in vulnerable situations face persistent barriers in Finland and internationally. While healthcare access among migrants has been studied to some extent, social services remain underexplored. This study examines access to and needs for social services among persons exposed to different types of vulnerabilities, comparing the findings between migrants and the general Finnish population. Methods We used two nationally representative cross-sectional datasets: MoniSuomi (N = 7,838; response rate 44.1%) for foreign-born adults, and Terve Suomi (N = 28,154) as reference data for the general population. Access to and needs for social services were examined by different vulnerability indicators: unemployment, financial stress, poor health, disability, low inclusion, and discrimination. We compared social service access and needs between vulnerable and non-vulnerable individuals in both datasets using regression analyses (survey package in R). Intersectional vulnerabilities were also analyzed. Results Vulnerability was consistently linked to worse access and unmet needs in both datasets. Among foreign-born adults with low inclusion 82.7% reported that services did not meet their needs (vs. 54.2% with higher inclusion). Similarly, in the general population, the figure was 74.5% (vs. 51.9%). Comparable disparities were found for those with depressive symptoms, functional limitations, or experiences of discrimination. Intersectional vulnerabilities exacerbated these disparities. Overall, vulnerable respondents faced significantly greater barriers than others in both datasets. Conclusions Multiple, overlapping vulnerabilities significantly reduce access to social services. To promote equity and social justice, policies and practices must simplify service pathways and actively strengthen inclusivity. Key messages • Vulnerability reduces access to social services among both migrants and the general population in Finland. • Inclusive and accessible services are essential for equity, and intersectional disadvantage must be addressed to ensure equitable service delivery.