HIV INFECTION. AIDS

Abstract Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains one of the most significant global health challenges, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated. HIV primarily attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 T lymphocytes, gradually weakening the body’s ability to fight infections and certain cancers. The virus is mainly transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, contaminated needles, transfusion of infected blood, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. The clinical progression of HIV infection includes acute infection, clinical latency, and advanced disease (AIDS). Reduced viral load, transmission prevention, and improved quality of life are all dependent on prompt antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and early serological diagnosis. Stigma, a lack of awareness, and limited access to healthcare services remain significant obstacles, particularly in developing nations, despite significant advancements in prevention and treatment. HIV control relies heavily on ongoing public education, regular screenings, and safe sexual practices. Current research focuses on vaccine development and potential cures, offering hope for the future. Effective management of HIV/AIDS requires a comprehensive approach involving medical, social, and psychological support to enhance patient outcomes and reduce the global burden of the disease.