Applying Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) in Social Prescribing Research

Abstract Background Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) is vital to ensure research remains relevant and reflective of real-world experiences. This study used a PPIE approach to refine interview tools designed to explore the role of social prescribing link workers (SPLWs) in addressing health inequalities in deprived regions of Scotland and England. It forms part of wider research informed by a review which found that social prescribing can reduce inequalities but highlighted challenges in implementation. Methods A one-hour structured online focus group was held in November 2024 with five stakeholders (three SPLWs and two practice/service managers) from general practices in deprived areas of England. The session began with a presentation outlining the PPIE process. The explanation phase introduced the study's aims and review findings. The feedback phase, guided by the TAPUPAS framework (Transparency, Accuracy, Purposivity, Utility, Propriety, Accessibility, Specificity), involved participants rating four interview questions using Slido (1 = strongly disagree, 10 = strongly agree). Questions were shown one at a time, with voting results displayed after all responses. Items scoring below 6 were intended for further discussion. Written reflections were submitted via Slido, followed by a group discussion. Voting data were exported for descriptive analysis, and qualitative feedback was manually reviewed to identify comments for question refinement. Results All questions scored above 8 on average, but all four were refined based on feedback. Revisions included adding examples to aid recall, addressing the influence of service targets, and clarifying references to training and long-term conditions. Participants said the process encouraged reflection on their roles and service gaps. Conclusions The PPIE process enhanced the clarity and relevance of the interview guide. Early practitioner involvement can improve tools and outcomes in public health research. Key messages • PPIE improved interview tool design for social prescribing research and enhanced stakeholder reflection on addressing health inequalities. • Early involvement of service providers in research process supports the development of more impactful tools in public health research.