Self-perceived health among migrants attending a charitable clinic: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Vulnerable groups, including migrants, often face poorer health outcomes due to socio-economic disadvantages, limited social integration, and barriers to healthcare. We assessed self-perceived general, physical, and mental health among migrant patients at the Caritas outpatient clinic in Ferrara (Italy) and identified factors associated with better self-reported health. Methods Between January and June 2024, an ad-hoc questionnaire, based on validated instruments, was administered to a convenience sample of Caritas clinic attendees. Key domains assessed included perceptions of social integration and of the Italian National Health Service (SSN)'s quality. We performed descriptive analyses, univariate comparisons (chi-square or Mann-Whitney), and multivariable logistic regressions to estimate factors associated with good perceived health. Results Of 153 respondents (52% female; median age 33 years [IQR 25-43]), 49% reported good general health, 51% good physical health, and 62% good mental health. At the multivariable analysis, employment (OR 3.31; 95% CI 1.34-8.16; p = 0.009) and positive perceptions of SSN quality (OR 2.96; 95% CI 1.02-8.82; p = 0.046) and social integration (OR 5.24; 95% CI 1.76-15.61; p = 0.003) were independently associated with good general health, while chronic disease was negatively associated (OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.18-0.87; p = 0.022). Good perceived physical health was linked to better integration (OR 9.58; 95% CI 3.51-26.11; p < 0.001) and absence of chronic disease (OR 0.31; 95% CI 0.15-0.67; p = 0.003). High-quality integration also predicted good mental health (OR 2.87; 95% CI 1.98-4.15; p < 0.001). Conclusions Among migrants attending a charitable clinic, positive perceptions of social integration and healthcare quality were key determinants of self-reported health. Interventions promoting social inclusion and improving patient experience within the SSN could enhance well-being in migrant and other disadvantaged groups. Key messages • Positive perceptions of social integration and healthcare quality strongly influence self-reported health among migrants in vulnerable settings. • Promoting social inclusion and improving patient experience within the health system may enhance well-being in migrant and disadvantaged populations.