General practitioner and social worker interaction in return-to-work processes – a characterization

Abstract Background Terms such as collaboration are often used to describe all interactions between general practitioners (GPs) and social workers (SWs) in return-to-work (RTW) processes. However, these interactions vary substantially in nature and quality. This lack of nuance and characterization results in both interactional and conceptual ambiguity. To address this gap, we examine how interactions between GPs and SWs in RTW processes can be characterized using McNamara's framework, which distinguishes between cooperative, coordinative, and collaborative interactions. Methods Interviews were conducted with 20 SWs from sickness benefits offices and 25 GPs in Denmark. Data were thematically analysed using McNamara's framework. Results Interactions were largely characterised by cooperation entailing a high degree of independece, which was generally considered adequate. However, RTW processes of higher complexity revealed limitations and highlighted the need for coordination or collaboration. Meanwhile, the analysis also revealed barriers for moving beyond cooperation. For example, written certificates-the predominant form of information sharing-often triggered irritation and misunderstandings in complex cases. In such situations, direct dialogue was hindered by differing organisational structures, making telephone calls or face-to-face meetings rare events. Conclusions Although cooperative interactions were generally perceived as adequate, complex RTW processes demanded more intensive forms of interaction. Enhancing stakeholders’ understanding of the conceptual distinctions between cooperation, coordination, and collaboration, alongside providing structural support for interactions beyond cooperation, may facilitate more appropriate and effective engagement in cases requiring more intense interactions. Key messages • Cooperation often suffices, but complex cases require more interdependent interactions between GPs and SWs in RTW processes. • Better understanding of interaction types can guide shifts beyond cooperation when needed.