Discourse, empowerment, and indigenous representation in the Nordic policies on Sámi and Inuit

Abstract Background The Sámi and Greenlandic Inuit, the indigenous peoples of the Nordic region, face a range of challenges that threaten their cultural survival, political autonomy, economic prosperity, and well-being. Rooted in nature-based livelihoods, their identities and well-being are deeply tied to tradition. Global shifts and policy changes challenge their way of life, making it vital to support their rights, languages, and role in shaping relevant policy decisions that affect their lives. Aim This study analyzes policy documents concerning the Sámi and Greenlandic Inuit people to examine their representation from an empowerment perspective. Methods Using Fairclough's discourse analysis, the study investigates how empowerment is framed in national strategies and identifies gaps in Indigenous representation and participation. Researchers reflect on their positionality, drawing from reflexive and reconciliation-based methodologies to engage respectfully with Indigenous knowledge systems. Results The study reveals ongoing challenges in health access, social equity, and cultural preservation, emphasizing the importance of bottom-up approaches and cross-border collaboration to support Indigenous self-determination and influence in policymaking. The Greenlandic policy document separates itself from previous arctic policies by focusing on Inuit identity, with Denmark as a future collaboration partner. Its main focus is on autonomy in relation to globalization. Finland recognizes Sámi rights in principle but struggles with implementation and political will. Sweden frames Sámi issues within broader equality goals, yet lacks mechanisms for real influence or land rights. Norway leads in legal recognition, including the Finnmark Act, yet challenges remain in balancing state and Sámi interests. Conclusions Across all countries, empowerment discourse often centers on inclusion, but real power-sharing and Indigenous epistemologies are inconsistently reflected in policies. Key messages • Indigenous empowerment in Nordic policies often emphasizes inclusion but lacks consistent power-sharing and respect for Indigenous worldviews. • National approaches vary: Norway leads legally, while Finland, Sweden, and Denmark face gaps in Indigenous representation and influence.