Depression Prevalence and Associated Factors in South Korea: Insights from KNHANES Data (2014-2022)

Abstract Background Depression poses a significant public health challenge in South Korea, exacerbated by rapid social changes and economic pressures. The alarming association between depression and suicide rates underscores the need to identify at-risk groups for targeted mental health interventions. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of depression in South Korea from 2014 to 2022 using KNHANES data, focusing on associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using KNHANES data from participants aged 18 and older. Data were collected through structured questionnaires assessing demographics, lifestyle factors, and depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Descriptive statistics summarized participant characteristics, while chi-square tests examined associations with depression. Multivariate logistic regression calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for depression, adjusting for relevant factors. Results Analysis of 26,822 participants (aged >18) revealed a decreasing prevalence of depression from 2014 to 2022. The crude rate declined from 69.52 per 1,000 in 2014 to 51.39 in 2022, with age-standardized rates dropping from 61.89 to 51.77 per 1,000. Significant associated factors included female gender (aOR: 2.77, 95% CI: 2.37-3.25), younger age, underweight status (aOR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.12-1.79), chronic diseases (aOR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.27-1.61), smoking (aOR: 3.21, 95% CI: 2.57-4.01 for dual tobacco/e-cigarette use), frequent alcohol consumption (aOR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.26-1.94 for > = 4 drinks/week), dental injuries, prolonged sitting, working = < 52 hours/week, and less strength training. Inversely associated included higher income, education, living with others, and marriage. Conclusions Depression prevalence in South Korea decreased from 2014 to 2022. Public health efforts should focus on enhancing mental health programs for high-risk groups and strengthening surveillance systems to monitor emerging trends. Key messages • Depression in South Korea has decreased from 2014 to 2022. • There is a need for focused public health efforts to support vulnerable groups such as women, smokers, and those with chronic conditions.