Epidemiology of Hepatitis B & C in High-Risk Groups in Czechia: 20-Year Trend Analysis

Abstract Background Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are significant global public health concerns, particularly among certain high-risk groups. In the Czech Republic, people who inject drugs (PWID), incarcerated individuals, and those engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors are particularly vulnerable to these infections. Objectives This study examines the epidemiology, risk factors, and impact of HBV and HCV in these groups, analyzing their incidence in the Czech Republic from 2000 to 2021 and identifying factors influencing their occurrence. Methods A total of 28,160 reported cases of HBV (8,762 cases) and HCV (19,398) in the Czech Republic from 2000 to 2021 were analyzed, categorized into acute and chronic infections. A spatial visualization of disease occurrence per 100,000 inhabitants in Czech districts was conducted for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 to compare disease trends and the prevalence of PWID across districts. Results HBV transmission primarily occurs through injection drug use or high-risk sexual behavior, with PWID, men who have sex with men (MSM), and individuals with multiple sexual partners being the most affected groups. In contrast, HCV transmission is mainly associated with needle-sharing, with sexual transmission being less common. Many HCV cases have been recorded in prisons, often due to shared razors or amateur tattooing and piercing. Discussion These findings highlight the necessity of targeted interventions and comprehensive strategies to prevent and control HBV and HCV in high-risk communities. The implementation of harm reduction programs, vaccination campaigns, and prison-based interventions is recommended. Key messages • Injection drug use remains the primary driver of hepatitis B and C transmission in the Czech Republic, with prisons serving as high-risk settings for hepatitis C spread. • Targeted harm reduction strategies, vaccination programs, and prison-based interventions are essential to control hepatitis B and C among high-risk populations.