Synergistic ultraviolet protection and spray cooling of photovoltaic panels for high efficiency and long-term reliability

Photovoltaic (PV) modules often suffer from efficiency degradation due to excessive heat buildup and prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly under strong solar irradiation. To address these issues, this study proposes a dual-function enhancement method that combines nano-titanium dioxide (TiO₂) coatings modified with 2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (FOTS) and a piezoelectric micro-spray cooling system. The TiO₂ layer enhances light harvesting and shields the PV surface from UV-induced deterioration, while the FOTS treatment imparts hydrophobic and self-cleaning properties, minimizing dust and pollutant accumulation.Outdoor field experiments under an average irradiance of 950–1020 W/m² recorded a maximum surface temperature reduction of 23°C, a peak electrical efficiency improvement of 11.2 %, and a daily power yield increase of 14.4 % compared with an uncooled panel. The system also achieved an exergy efficiency enhancement of 16.41 %, while the piezoelectric atomizer consumed only 4.53 Wh/day, accounting for less than 0.5 % of the daily PV energy gain. A 4E (Energy, Exergy, Economic, and Environmental) evaluation yielded a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $0.00268 kWh⁻¹, demonstrating the system’s techno-economic feasibility.This integrated and multifunctional approach offers a durable, water-efficient, and low-cost solution for improving PV performance, photostability, and longevity in hot and arid climates.