Host-refugee relations. _x000B_The Polish experience after the outbreak of war in Ukraine

Abstract Background The outbreak of war in Ukraine triggered a sudden influx of immigrants into Poland. During the initial phase of the conflict, Polish citizens offered spontaneous assistance, even in the absence of institutional support. This research seeks to explore the underlying motivations behind such actions within Polish society, drawing on behavioural theories related to prosocial behaviour. Methods This research is based on the theories of Trivers (1971), Piliavin (1981), and Bandura (1977). It hypothesizes that individuals faced with critical situations engage in prosocial behavior to regulate negative emotions; there is a reciprocal relationship between help providers and recipients; observing prosocial behavior increases similar actions in observers. The study involved fifteen interviews with Polish adults who hosted Ukrainian refugees for over three months, focusing on mental, physical, professional life, well-being, and emotions. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed thematically. Results Most respondents reported benefits like increased self-esteem, confidence, and empowerment from helping. Refugees didn't generally affect hosts’ professional activities, and many reported improved wellbeing from companionship. Empathy and justice were key motivations for hosting, and while none regretted it, some would make a more informed decision next time. The main costs identified by participants were increased levels of stress and anxiety, as well as sleeplessness and self-diagnosed depression. The source of anxiety was attributed to the external factors such as constant flow of information from the war zone, differences in parenting skills (defined as inappropriate by hosts) and the chaos created by children. Conclusions There is a strong foundation for prosocial behaviour, but additional institutional support is needed. Key areas include training, psychological support for host families, and financial assistance. Key messages • The prosocial behaviour is present within the modern society. • Public health need to enhance the existing prosocial behaviour by reinforcing institutional support and psychological training for host families.