Artificial Intelligence and public health policy in Europe: embracing complexity

Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing healthcare. Recent technology developments have left many policymakers unprepared. Trained on digital health foundations like telemedicine and the preparations for the European Health Data Space, they now have to confront novel, more complex questions around ethics, governance, and technical standards. Their need to grasp AI's contribution to public health is now urgent. Health policymakers need the building blocks for navigating AI in public health. We will present a policy brief that maps AI's applications, risks, and opportunities, offering a clear, actionable framework for evidence-based policy. Drawing on the latest research and case studies we ask not only what AI can do but what it should do. We include ethical imperatives, technical constraints, and systems-level impacts. While AI has rapidly advanced in clinical care and biomedical research, its potential in public health is underexplored but exciting examples are emerging: modelling infectious disease outbreaks; analysing behavioural trends; streamlining communication; and allocating resources. But there are challenges, like skill shortages, environmental impacts, misinformation, inequity, and changing power structures. AI policy must tackle these challenges head-on, guided by core public health values like equity, trust, and sustainability. Countries must act now to build digital and AI literacy across the public health workforce. Policy must go beyond technical specs to include trust, inclusivity, and cost-effectiveness. Public health cannot afford to be a bystander. It must lead the charge in shaping how AI is integrated, ensuring technology serves people, not the other way around. Key messages • AI in public health holds massive promise but if shaped by the wrong goals, it could deepen, not close, health gaps. Trust, equity, and power must be central to AI policy. • Public health must lead, not follow, in designing AI for a healthier, fairer future.