Identifying training gaps in child vaccination: a survey among Bulgarian medical and nursing students

Abstract Background The rising vaccine hesitancy in Bulgaria highlights the essential role of health professionals in educating families about childhood vaccination. Vaccine-related competencies are increasingly essential for future professionals. This study assesses the vaccine-related knowledge gaps and educational needs among Bulgarian medical and nursing students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in October-November 2024 in a sample of 384 medical and nursing students from four medical universities. Data were collected via an online questionnaire covering knowledge, attitudes, and perceived training needs regarding childhood vaccination. Results Students’ confidence in childhood immunization is undermined by misconceptions about side effects. The pervasive dissemination of misinformation, particularly through social media, significantly affects their attitudes. Nursing students, in particular, demonstrated greater scepticism about vaccine safety and effectiveness. They were also more likely to share misconceptions, such as the belief in the superiority of natural immunity or an association between vaccines and autism. A substantial proportion of respondents (88.7%, 95%CI 81.3-88.7) reported feeling inadequately prepared on the topic of childhood immunizations. Many expressed discomfort discussing vaccine side effects and lacked confidence in communicating with vaccine-hesitant parents. The vast majority (95.7%, 95% CI: 93.2-97.5) stated a desire for additional training in this area. Conclusions The study's findings indicate significant gaps in the training and knowledge of Bulgarian medical and nursing students regarding vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases. Integrating comprehensive vaccine education and communication skills early in education curricula is crucial. Strengthening these areas will better equip future health professionals to address parental concerns, counter misinformation, and advocate for immunization. Key messages • Tackling vaccine hesitancy in students is key to sustaining high levels of immunization coverage. • Empowering future professionals with vaccine education ensures confident advocates for vaccination.