Comparative Analysis of Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and Electromyography-based (EMG) Prosthetics: Advancements, Challenges, and Societal Impacts

Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and Electromyography (EMG)-based prosthetics represent two leading approaches in modern neurotechnology aimed at restoring motor and communication functions. This review analyzes their underlying principles, recent advancements, and societal implications. BCIs use neural signals such as EEG, fMRI, and NIRS to translate brain activity into control commands for external devices, while EMG measures muscle activity to achieve similar goals through peripheral signals. The comparison highlights differences in cost, accessibility, and ability expectations, emphasizing how EMG systems offer greater affordability and usability, whereas BCIs promise deeper neurointegration but demand higher cognitive and infrastructural resources. The paper also explores ethical and economic dimensions of both technologies and proposes co-design strategies to improve inclusivity and quality of life for end users.