Strategic improvement of bioavailability in flavonoids by using non - oral routes

Flavonoids are polyphenolic chemicals that exist naturally and are well known for their strong anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and medicinal properties. However, significant first-pass hepatic metabolism, enzymatic breakdown in the gastrointestinal system, and poor oral bioavailability resulting from low water solubility frequently restrict their clinical usefulness. Transdermal, intranasal, buccal, pulmonary, and rectal drug delivery methods have become viable substitutes to get around these restrictions. These pathways improve systemic absorption and therapeutic efficacy by avoiding hepatic metabolism and gastrointestinal breakdown. More sophisticated drug delivery methods, such as liposomes, microneedles, nanocarriers, and mucoadhesive formulations, help to enhance the permeability, sustained release, and targeted administration of flavonoids. The strategic use of non-oral methods and innovative formulations to improve flavonoid bioavailability is highlighted in this article, opening the door to more efficient and patient-friendly treatment alternatives.