Analysis of Potentially Toxic Metals Contamination in Akinyele Local Government, Oyo State, Nigeria using Ecological Risk Indices

Soil samples from tropical ecosystems in Akinyele Local Government, Oyo State, Nigeria, were analyzed for potentially toxic metal concentration (Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn) using sequential extraction techniques to assess contamination levels and ecological risks. The concentration ranges were as follows: Cr (0.23–0.26 mg/kg), Cu (0.44– 2.42 mg/kg), Pb (0.56–1.15 mg/kg), Mn (5.01–6.16 mg/kg), and Zn (3.73–10.02 mg/kg) respectively. No significant seasonal variations in average metal levels were observed across the study sites, indicating persistent contamination throughout the year. Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) assessments identified considerable anthropogenic contamination (3 < CF < 6) and deteriorated soil quality (PLI > 1) at sites B, C, and D, likely linked to local industrial and agricultural activities. Ecological risk indices, including Hazard Quotient and Risk Quotient, corroborated pollution indices, revealing a moderate hazard sequence: Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Cr. The findings highlight the potential health risks to humans and adverse effects on soil ecosystems, underscoring the need for continuous monitoring and remediation efforts in the region