An Overview of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Population Pharmacokinetic Models: Applications to Radiopharmaceutical Therapies for Analysis and Personalization.

This review discusses the current applications, advantages, and limitations of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) and population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) models in radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT). PBPK models simulate radiopharmaceutical kinetics by integrating prior physiologic and drug parameter information, whereas PopPK models leverage population data to enhance individual dose estimation accuracy. Future directions include developing hybrid models, incorporating artificial intelligence, and establishing regulatory guidelines to promote their clinical adoption. Ultimately, these modeling strategies aim to enable precise, personalized RPT dosing, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes and safety.