A Comprehensive Review on Dentinal Hypersensitivity: Pathophysiology and Treatment Modalities

Dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) is a prevalent dental condition defined by a short, sharp pain that arises from exposed dentin in response to various stimuli such as thermal, tactile, osmotic, or chemical triggers. It is a multifactorial condition commonly associated with enamel loss, gingival recession, and exposure of dentinal tubules. The hydrodynamic theory remains the most widely accepted explanation, proposing that fluid movement within open dentinal tubules stimulates pulpal nerve endings, resulting in pain perception. Accurate diagnosis is essential to distinguish DH from other dental pathologies, including caries, pulpitis, and cracked tooth syndrome. Management strategies focus on either reducing nerve excitability or occluding dentinal tubules. Conventional agents such as potassium nitrate, fluorides, and strontium salts are effective in decreasing sensitivity, while novel approaches like bioactive glass, arginine-calcium carbonate, resin-based sealants, and laser therapy offer enhanced tubule occlusion and long-term relief. Preventive measures, including proper oral hygiene and dietary modifications, also play a crucial role in minimizing recurrence. This comprehensive review highlights the pathophysiology, diagnostic aspects, and contemporary treatment modalities for dentinal hypersensitivity, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based and individualized management for optimal patient outcomes.