Quantifying lead and cadmium in protein supplements: Insights into dietary exposure and health risks

The increasing consumption of protein supplements (PS) has raised concerns regarding exposure to toxic elements such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The levels of these harmful elements in protein supplements may vary depending on their source. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of Cd and Pb in 90 animal-based and plant-based protein supplements available on the European market using ICP-OES and to assess dietary exposure to these metals based on different PS consumption patterns. Pb concentrations were higher in animal-based PS (0.05 mg/kg) compared to plant-based PS (0.03 mg/kg), whereas Cd levels were higher in plant-based PS (0.04 mg/kg) than in animal-based PS (0.02 mg/kg). Under the manufacturer-recommended daily intake (30 g PS/day), Pb intake showed a margin of exposure (MOE) > 1, and Cd intake contributed <5% to the EU tolerable weekly intake (TWI, 2.5 μg/kg body weight). Chronic exposure to these metals from PS indicated no significant risk (hazard index < 1). However, excessive PS consumption could increase Pb and Cd dietary intakes, raising potential health concerns when considering total dietary exposure. These findings underscore the importance of evaluating cumulative dietary exposure to ensure consumer safety, particularly for individuals with high PS intake. • Cd and Pb detected in protein supplements on the European market. • Animal-based supplements contained higher Pb concentrations. • Plant-based supplements showed elevated Cd levels. • Protein supplements contribute to daily Cd and Pb exposure. • Stricter quality control of supplements is required for safety.