Applying One Health and the analytic hierarchy process to malaria risk assessment in Jayapura, Indonesia

Background and Aim: Malaria remains highly prevalent in Papua Province, Indonesia, accounting for nearly 89% of the national malaria burden. Although interventions are ongoing, most studies emphasize either human or environmental dimensions, often neglecting animal-related factors. This study aimed to apply a comprehensive One Health framework, combined with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), to prioritize malaria risk indicators in Jayapura Regency. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in West Sentani district, Jayapura Regency, between June and August 2024. In stage one, malaria risk indicators across human, animal, and environmental domains were identified through literature review, interviews, and focus group discussions with five experts. In stage two, an AHP-based question­naire was administered to 10 malaria and public health experts. Pairwise comparisons were analyzed using Expert Choice v.11 to generate priority weights and rankings, with a consistency ratio threshold of 0.10. Results: Human factors (weight = 0.349) were ranked as the most significant contributors to malaria risk, followed by envi­ronmental (0.331) and animal (0.321) domains. Across all 11 indicators, completion of malaria medication (0.127), effective diagnostic screening (0.120), mosquito breeding site density (0.120), and proximity of animal enclosures to homes (0.117) emerged as top priorities. Five of the six highest-ranked indicators belonged to the human domain, highlighting the central­ity of behavioral and healthcare-seeking practices. Conclusion: The integration of One Health and AHP provided a transparent and evidence-based prioritization of malaria risk factors in Jayapura. The findings emphasize the importance of treatment adherence, improved diagnostic capacity, community-driven vector control, and livestock management to reduce transmission. Strengthening health education, enhancing rapid diagnostic test quality, and introducing geospatial tools for environmental mapping are recommended. This One Health–AHP approach demonstrates strong potential for informing multisectoral malaria elimination strategies in endemic regions. Keywords: analytic hierarchy process, malaria, malaria risk factors, One Health, Papua, vector control.