IV: Preliminary Evidence for Quarks and Preons in Mirror Space-Time, and a New Approach to Unification

The nature of matter in mirror space-time is investigated. Mirror space time is defined by Chronometric invariant general relativity (CIGR). This predicts that massive particles are dipoles, with the positive mass state being in normal 4D space time, and the negative mass state being in mirror space-time, where time is directed from the future to the past. However CIGR has not yet been unified with quantum mechanics, and so this result may change. We investigate Ehrenhaft's (and other's) claims to have observed fractional electric charges, taking into account this new physics. We also examine the results of the experiments by Millikan to determine the charge on the electron, also from the point of view of this new physics. We conclude that Ehrenhaft and others did observe fractional charges, and that Millikan also observed a few of these \textit{(not in normal space-time but in mirror space-time)}, thereby providing some corroboration. We explain the differences in their results in terms of different hardware, and the photo-mirror effect. We present preliminary evidence that fractional charges (ie mirror quarks and preons) can be revealed in mirror space-time, by reversing the direction of time via the photo-mirror effect. The data rule out preon models with charges of e/3 and 2e/3, but are compatible with preons with charges of e/9. Better data and a more complete theory would be desirable. We make the conjecture that preons could be dark matter.

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2025-10-22
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17419567
Primary Topic
Relativity and Gravitational Theory
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
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article

IV: Preliminary Evidence for Quarks and Preons in Mirror Space-Time, and a New Approach to Unification

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Relativity and Gravitational Theory
article

IV: Preliminary Evidence for Quarks and Preons in Mirror Space-Time, and a New Approach to Unification

article en

Abstract

The nature of matter in mirror space-time is investigated. Mirror space time is defined by Chronometric invariant general relativity (CIGR). This predicts that massive particles are dipoles, with the positive mass state being in normal 4D space time, and the negative mass state being in mirror space-time, where time is directed from the future to the past. However CIGR has not yet been unified with quantum mechanics, and so this result may change. We investigate Ehrenhaft's (and other's) claims to have observed fractional electric charges, taking into account this new physics. We also examine the results of the experiments by Millikan to determine the charge on the electron, also from the point of view of this new physics. We conclude that Ehrenhaft and others did observe fractional charges, and that Millikan also observed a few of these \textit{(not in normal space-time but in mirror space-time)}, thereby providing some corroboration. We explain the differences in their results in terms of different hardware, and the photo-mirror effect. We present preliminary evidence that fractional charges (ie mirror quarks and preons) can be revealed in mirror space-time, by reversing the direction of time via the photo-mirror effect. The data rule out preon models with charges of e/3 and 2e/3, but are compatible with preons with charges of e/9. Better data and a more complete theory would be desirable. We make the conjecture that preons could be dark matter.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Science Oxford (GB)
Openalex Percentile: Top 47%
Relativity and Gravitational Theory
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