Iron deficiency anemia . B12 - deficiency anemia, clinical pharmacological approach

Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and vitamin B₁₂ deficiency anaemia are common and treatable causes of anaemia. This document explains, in simpler terms, how to diagnose, choose treatments (oral vs intravenous iron, and B₁₂ replacement), decide doses, monitor responses, and watch for side-effects. For iron therapy, it compares ionic (ferrous salts) and non-ionic (iron complexes) options. For B₁₂ deficiency, it covers routes (injection, oral) and monitoring. The aim is to provide a practical, evidence-based guide. In conclusion, oral ferrous iron remains first-line for most mild to moderate cases; intravenous iron is useful when rapid correction or better tolerance is needed; and B₁₂ deficiency generally needs prompt replacement (often by injection) especially in malabsorption.