Role of Electrospun Scaffolds at Different Stages of Wound Healing: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions

The wound healing process involves several intricate and overlapping phases, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. These phases are critical for effective healing. However, conventional wound healing methods often face limitations that lead to insufficient tissue regeneration. Recent advancements in electrospun nanofibers present a promising approach that could address challenges by exhibiting properties that closely mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration. This review explores the role of electrospun fibrous biomaterials at various stages of wound healing, highlighting their potential to enhance each phase through tailored biocompatibility, drug delivery capabilities, and mechanical support. Similarly, we discuss where electrospun scaffolds have demonstrated effectiveness in delivering growth factors, controlling inflammation, and promoting angiogenesis, thereby accelerating tissue repair. However, challenges remain, including the scalability of production and ensuring long-term efficacy in clinical settings. In conclusion, we suggest future research directions that emphasize optimizing fiber composition, exploring novel materials, and developing multifunctional scaffolds to improve outcomes in acute and chronic wounds. Ultimately, integrating electrospun nanofibers into clinical practice could revolutionize wound care, offering enhanced healing solutions for patients.