ARTIFICIAL TISSUE FABRICATION: A REVIEW ON THE ANATOMY BEHIND TISSUE ENGINEERING

The fabrication of artificial tissues is a process that uses bio-molecules and bio-fabrication technologies in creating functional artificial tissues that resemble or has the ability to regenerate biological tissues. The fundamental basis combines the integration of biological principles with engineering approaches. This paper aims at showing how knowledge of human anatomy guides the design and functionality of engineered tissues. An extensive literature review was done on tissue engineering techniques that could be used to regenerate biological tissue. Various methods and significant technologies involved in scaffolding engineering, stem cells signaling, decellularization methods were reviewed. Stem cells and scaffold materials selection depends on the native tissue being replicated. Among these, mesenchymal stem cells are the most widely used in all tissue fabrication. Advanced methods such as decellularization, scaffold-free fabrication and scaffold-based fabrication are employed to achieve structural and functional tissues. This review reveals that a solid anatomical understanding is a essential fundamental concept in recreating a functional artificial tissue. The integration of stem cells with various scaffold technologies that mimic the three-dimensional extracellular matrix, along with the application of growth factors, has enhanced the development of artificial tissues that mimic their natural counterparts. Despite major advances in biomaterials, growth factors, and stem cell applications, challenges remain in replicating the three-dimensional complexity of certain human tissues and translation into clinical practice. Conclusively, artificial tissue fabrication is a revolutionary approach in regenerative medicine, and to gain the complexity and functionality of native biological tissues, integration of anatomical knowledge into tissue engineering processes is required. Interdisciplinary research is the key to future research, as artificial tissues will be a potential solution to many medical issues.