Green metric tools and white assessment in bioanalytical method development and validation: A comprehensive review

The increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly practices in pharmaceutical and bioanalytical research has prompted the integration of green chemistry principles into analytical method development. This review discusses the implementation of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) metrics, such as Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and Analytical Greenness (AGREE), as well as the emerging White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) concept, in the development and validation of bioanalytical methods. We highlight the significance, methodology, and applications of these tools in assessing the environmental impact, efficiency, and overall sustainability of bioanalytical procedures. Case studies from recent literature are examined to illustrate practical applications and future directions.