Quinoxaline-Based Derivatives: Exploring Their Pharmacological Spectrum

ABSTRACTQuinoxalines are well-known and significant class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, consisting of a fusedpyrazine and benzene ring system. Recent discoveries highlighting the diverse biological potential of quinoxaline derivatives havesignificantly increased research interest in this scaffold. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the synthesis ofquinoxaline derivatives employing green chemistry approaches, including recyclable catalysts, microwave-assisted techniques,and aqueous-phase reactions. Furthermore, it discusses the wide range of pharmacological activities exhibited by quinoxalinederivatives, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic properties. Beyond these, quinoxaline-based compoundshave demonstrated promising therapeutic applications in the treatment of cancer, AIDS, schizophrenia, diabetes, and otherdisorders, underscoring their considerable potential as future leads in medicinal chemistry. Several clinically relevant drugs alsofeature the quinoxaline scaffold, highlighting its therapeutic value. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis andpharmacological evaluation of quinoxaline derivatives, emphasizing their broad potential as promising leads in drug discovery anddevelopment.