Urban shrinkage or urban growth in Europe?

In the literature, there is a simultaneous discourse on urban growth and its consequences (Domingo et al., 2021; Rentschler et al., 2023) and on urban shrinkage (Jarzebski et al., 2021; Khavarian-Garmsir, 2023). The primary purpose of creating this figure is to examine how these two processes appear in Europe based on data from 2011 to 2022 and whether there are differences between European countries.