Pharmacogenomics Unveiled: Customizing Care with Genetic Insights

Abstract Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is an emerging field of pharmacology that investigates how genetic variability affects individual responses to medications, particularly in relation to the drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of PGx and its role in optimising drug therapy based on genetic differences. Which is focuses on tailoring healthcare interventions by considering each patient's unique molecular, physiological, ecological, and behavioural characteristics. Pharmacogenomics enables improved drug dose selection by addressing enzymatic and genetic variability. Its clinical relevance spans cancer treatment personalisation, psychiatric medication optimisation, reduction of adverse drug reactions, and the identification of individual drug metabolism capabilities. Additionally, this review also highlights major genetic markers involved in PGx, such as Cytochrome P450 enzyme variants, HLA polymorphisms, and genes influencing drug metabolism and response. It also describes how this approach can improve treatment results, reduce side effects, and help doctors understand how different people process drugs. Keywords- CYP450, Genetic variations, Personalized medicine, Pharmacogenomics, Whole genome sequencing.