Characterization and Sustainability Assessment of Water-based Metal Oxide Nanofluids

The development of nanofluids (NFs) as advanced thermal carriers has attracted considerable attention due to their potential to improve the heat transfer efficiency in a variety of industrial applications. This study focuses on the properties of water-based nanofluids containing CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles and evaluates the environmental sustainability of the produced prototypes through life cycle analysis (LCA). The synthesis process involved the preparation of nanofluids by dispersing nanoparticles in base fluids, followed by a characterization of their thermophysical properties. Key parameters, such as nanoparticle concentration, morphology, and stability to achieve superior thermal conductivity and minimal flocculation were considered. The environmental impact of the produced nanofluids was evaluated using an LCA procedure (CO2 footprint analysis), encompassing the entire lifecycle from raw material extraction to disposal. While nanofluids offer substantial improvements in thermal performance, the analysis revealed that their environmental footprint is influenced by factors such as energy consumption during synthesis, nanoparticles potential toxicity, and waste management practices. The study underscores the importance of adopting green synthesis methods and sustainable practices to mitigate the ecological impact of nanofluids. These findings provide valuable insights into the trade-offs between enhanced thermal efficiency and environmental sustainability, paving the way for the development of eco-friendly nanofluids for industrial applications.