BHALLATAKA THROUGH AYURVEDIC NIGHANTU: A CRITICAL REVIEW

Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium Linn. f.) is a well-known medicinal plant of the family Anacardiaceae, extensively described in Ayurvedic classics. Despite being listed as a Schedule E (1) poisonous drug under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act (1940), it becomes therapeutically valuable after proper purification (Shodhana). This review aims to explore Bhallataka through various Nighantu (Ayurvedic lexicons) to understand its Pharmacognostic, therapeutic, and pharmacological attributes, and to correlate classical concepts with modern evidence. A critical review of classical Ayurvedic Nighantu and relevant scientific literature was conducted. Descriptions from Dhanvantari, Sodhala, Madanapala, Raja, Kaiyadeva, Bhavaprakasha, Shaligrama, and Priya Nighantu were analyzed and compared. Data on Rasapanchaka, Doshaghnata, Varga/Gana classification, and part-wise properties were compiled and interpreted in light of current pharmacological findings. Bhallataka is described under several Vargas and Ganas, including Deepaniya, Kushthaghna, Kaphavataghna, and Rasayana, reflecting its broad therapeutic scope. Its Rasapanchaka indicates Madhura-Kashaya Rasa, Ushna Virya, and Katu Vipaka, suggesting its action on Vata-Kapha disorders. Different parts of the plant like fruit; seed, kernel, and stem, possess distinct pharmacological activities such as Deepana, Pachana, Vrishya, Krimighna, and Kushthaghna. The review of Nighantu descriptions reveals that Ayurvedic scholars had a deep understanding of drug classification, formulation, and safety principles that remain relevant in modern pharmacology.