Etiology of Hematuria from Point of View of Rhazes (865-925 AD)

Introduction: Examining urine has historically been one of the most common medical diagnostic methods. The presence of blood in urine can be a sign of various diseases and disorders. Significant research has been conducted on the etiology of hematuria in modern medicine. Still, there are few independent studies in old medical books from past centuries regarding diagnosing diseases based on blood in the urine. This research aims to explore the causes of hematuria from the perspective of Rhazes (865-925 AD), a prominent figure in Persian medicine.Methods: The present study is based on the contents of Rhaze’s book, “Al-Hawi fi al-Tebb,” and the data from PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar.Results: Rhazes has sporadically discussed the causes of hematuria and used the term 'Bool-al-Dam' to describe bloody urine. While using their experiences and sometimes criticizing the opinions of other sages, such as Hippocrates and Galen, he has presented independent and innovative views. He has mentioned several causes of hematuria, including intense exercise, damage to kidney vessels, and cancer.Conclusion: Studying and examining the etiology of Hematuria from Rhaze’s point of view is essential, at least because it is a close document to the events of other medical schools in the field of medical history to know the cause of hematuria up to his time.