NEUROINFLAMMATION AND CNS DRUG TARGETS: ADVANCES IN MICROGLIAL MODULATION, NEUROIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, AND BLOOD–BRAIN BARRIER-PENETRATING STRATEGIES

Neuroinflammation is a key factor in the development and progression of various central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Microglia, the brain’s resident immune cells, play a crucial role in regulating innate immune responses and maintaining neuronal health. However, when microglial activation becomes dysregulated, it can lead to persistent inflammation, ultimately worsening neuronal damage. This review highlights the underlying molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation, focusing on microglial signaling pathways, cytokine networks, and interactions between different glial cells. It also discusses recent advancements in therapeutic approaches, including monoclonal antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, and pathway-specific modulators designed to rebalance the immune response in neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases of the CNS. Additionally, the review emphasizes innovative drug delivery strategies that address the challenge of crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB). These include receptor-mediated transport, nanoparticle-based carriers, and focused ultrasound techniques. By combining precision neuroimmunology with advanced delivery systems, there is great potential to develop safer and more effective treatments for chronic neuroinflammatory disorders.