A Review Paper on Quantum Computing: A Paradigm Shift in Computer Architecture

Quantum Computing is rapidly emerging as a transformative paradigm in the field of computer architecture, with the potential to revolutionize industries such as cryptography, artificial intelligence, and scientific research. Unlike classical computing, which relies on binary bits, quantum computing utilizes qubits that leverage the principles of superposition and entanglement, enabling exponentially faster computation for certain complex problems. This review paper explores the foundational principles of quantum computing and contrasts them with traditional computing architectures. It examines the unique structure and functioning of quantum processors, the advantages they offer in solving real-world problems, and the key quantum algorithms like Shor’s and Grover’s that demonstrate their potential. The paper also discusses the current advancements by major technology companies and research institutions, along with challenges such as quantum decoherence, error correction, and hardware limitations. Furthermore, the paper analyzes practical applications in fields like cybersecurity, optimization, and machine learning, and highlights the future scope of this technology. By reviewing significant studies and developments, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how quantum computing is redefining the future of computational power.