Effect of Temperature Regulation on Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) Proteins in Goats

AbstractEnvironmental temperature is a critical factor influencing the physiological and molecularresponses of goats (Capra hircus). Among the many molecular pathways affected by thermalfluctuations, the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) protein family plays a central role inregulating cellular growth, differentiation, and immune adaptation. This review explores howtemperature regulation impacts the expression, signaling, and biological activity of TGF proteinsin goats. The mechanisms by which heat or cold stress modulate TGF pathways—includingoxidative stress, hormonal interactions, and epigenetic regulation—are discussed. Understandingthese responses is essential for improving goat health, productivity, and adaptation to climatechange through informed management and breeding strategies.