Paraprobiotic-mediated nanoparticles as a novel approach against multi-drug-resistant bacteria: a mini review

There has been a clear and urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies for global public health, which is currently being challenged by the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Currently, paraprobiotics, or non-viable microbial cells or their components, draw interest with regard to their antimicrobial properties. The advances made by nanotechnology have propelled the creation of nanoparticles, which are paraprobiotic-mediated, thus creating a synergistic approach against MDR bacteria. Such nanoparticles ensure greater stability and bioavailability and target the delivery of paraprobiotic-derived bioactive compounds, thus enhancing their antibacterial effectiveness. The present review investigates paraprobiotic-mediated nanoparticles that are likely to evolve someday into an entirely new and promising alternative to conventional antibiotics, explaining their mechanisms of action, therapeutic applicability, and future prospects as solutions to the growing concerns about antibiotic resistance.