Geopolitics of the Black Sea: Theoretical and Strategic Reappraisal

The Black Sea region is a critical nexus of Eurasian geopolitics, characterized by long-standing rivalries, energy transit routes, and military posturing amidst ongoing conflicts. This article revisits the main theories explaining Black Sea geopolitics, using realism, neoclassical geopolitics, and sea power theory to understand the changing strategic environment. It analyzes the roles of major players—Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, and NATO—considering Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine and subsequent events up to 2025. The analysis points to shifts in power, such as Russia's diminished naval strength, Turkey's careful diplomacy, and increased Western involvement. A strategic review suggests that containment and regional cooperation are viable options, highlighting the importance of comprehensive strategies that link Black Sea security with neighboring areas like the Eastern Mediterranean and South Caucasus. The findings emphasize the region's crucial role in global stability, trade, and energy supply.