Slitless Spectroscopy Source Detection Using YOLO Deep Neural Network

Slitless spectroscopy eliminates the need for slits, allowing light to pass directly through a prism or grism to generate a spectral dispersion image that encompasses all celestial objects within a specified area. This technique enables highly efficient spectral acquisition. However, when processing CSST slitless spectroscopy data, the unique design of its focal plane introduces a challenge: photometric and slitless spectroscopic images do not have a one-to-one correspondence. As a result, it becomes essential to first identify and count the sources in the slitless spectroscopic images before extracting spectra. To address this challenge, we employed the You Only Look Once (YOLO) object detection algorithm to develop a model for detecting targets in slitless spectroscopy images. This model was trained on 1,560 simulated CSST slitless spectroscopic images. These simulations were generated from the CSST Cycle 6 and Cycle 9 main survey data products, representing the Galactic and nearby galaxy regions and the high galactic latitude regions, respectively. On the validation set, the model achieved a precision of 88.6% and recall of 90.4% for spectral lines, and 87.0% and 80.8% for zeroth-order images. In testing, it maintained a detection rate >80% for targets brighter than 21 mag (medium-density regions) and 20 mag (low-density regions) in the Galactic and nearby galaxies regions, and >70% for targets brighter than 18 mag in high galactic latitude regions.