Vision and Vulnerability: A Critical Review of Ocular Challenges and Their Implication on Adolescent Reproductive Health

Adolescents with visual impairments face significant yet underexplored barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services and information. This review examines how ocular challenges influence SRH outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Causes of visual impairment, such as refractive errors, cataract, infections, glaucoma, trauma, and congenital conditions, can reduce independence, affect relationship, heighten vulnerability to abuse, and complicate menstrual hygiene management. Limited accessibility of SRH content, stigma, and poor digital inclusivity further deepen these disparities. Innovative responses include inclusive SRH education in Braille and audio formats, peer-led models, assistive technologies, and cross-sectoral collaborations across health, education, and social services. However, major gaps remain in disability-disaggregated data and SRH research for adolescents with ocular disabilities. A rights-based, intersectional approach, guided by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), is vital to ensure visually impaired adolescents are not left behind in SRH progress.