Phytochemical Extraction, Characterization, and Bioactivity Assessment of Carissa carandas L.: Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential

AbstractCarissa carandas Linn. (Karaunda) is a traditional medicinal plant widely hired in Ayurveda, Unani, and oldsters remedyfor its healing houses. The present take a look at aimed to research the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, andantimicrobial functionality of ethanolic leaf extracts of C. Carandas. Ethanolic extracts had been prepared throughmaceration and subjected to initial phytochemical screening, which confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,tannins, saponins, phenols, glycosides, and steroids. Quantitative evaluation using GC–MS located out diversephytoconstituents, such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and bioactive hydrocarbons. The antimicrobial hobby havebecome assessed with the aid of the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion approach in opposition to bacterial traces (E. Coli,Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal lines (Candida albicans). The consequences indicated slight antifungal interest withpowerful inhibition at 250 µg/disc, at the same time as antibacterial interest in the direction of S. Aureus have becomeobtrusive at higher concentrations, although negligible hobby changed into noted against E. Coli. The antioxidant interestdetermined with the aid of manner of the DPPH radical scavenging assay tested an IC50 price of 296.4 µg/mL for theplant extract compared to 3.70 µg/mL for ascorbic acid. Overall, the findings endorse that C. Carandas leaves comprisebioactive phytochemicals with mild antimicrobial and antioxidant ability, helping its ethnomedicinal applications andhighlighting its scope for similarly pharmacological exploration.