Formation of resilience of enterprises as economic systems in conditions of instability of the economic environment: conceptual basis

Methods. The study is based on the use of system analysis, as well as methods of scientific abstraction (when considering the essence of the concept of «resilience of economic systems»). The levels of resilience manifestation are structured using the classification method. The general and specific method allowed us to determine specific types of enterprise resilience. Results. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of conceptual approaches to understanding the resilience of economic systems as a key indicator of their stability, flexibility and ability to adapt in the face of global challenges and high uncertainty. The authors note that modern economic science increasingly considers resilience not only as the ability of a system to recover from negative impacts, but also as a dynamic process of transformation that ensures the preservation of functionality and development in new exogenous conditions. As a result of the study, two main approaches to the interpretation of resilience were identified. The first, engineering (mechanistic) one, is focused on the rapid return of the system to the initial equilibrium point after shock events, where the main criterion is the ability to restitution. The second one is an adaptive (evolutionary) approach that emphasizes the role of structural changes, innovations and flexibility as a response to external stressors, which allows the system not only to recover, but also to restructure in accordance with new challenges. Novelty. The author of the article substantiates the need to synthesize these approaches within the framework of an integrated resilience model, where the process of initial balance restoration is combined with further adaptation and innovative system renewal. The author's definition of resilience is proposed, which defines it as a multifaceted characteristic of an economic system that manifests itself at different levels: mega (macrosystem), meso (organizational-regional level), micro (subsystems and individual enterprises) and individual level (personnel and individual agents). The article also structures the levels of resilience manifestation, determines the specific types of resilience that correspond to them, in particular, national, regional, organizational and personal resilience. The emphasis is on the principles of effective resilience management, which are based on proactivity, interdisciplinarity, systematicity and strategic flexibility. Practical value. The results obtained can become a methodological basis for the formation of policies to increase the resilience of economic systems, as well as the development of adaptive strategies for the development of enterprises, regions and states in the post-crisis period, contributing to strengthening their competitiveness and resilience to future challenges.