A Comprehensive Review Article on Mouth Ulcer

Mouth ulcers, also known as aphthous ulcers, are one of the most common oral mucosal disorders affecting a significant proportion of the global population. These lesions are often painful, recurrent, and can interfere with normal eating, speaking, and swallowing. Although generally self-limiting, they can severely affect the quality of life and may indicate underlying systemic disorders. The exact etiology of mouth ulcers is multifactorial, involving nutritional deficiencies, trauma, stress, immunological dysregulation, and genetic predisposition. Conventional management relies on symptomatic relief with topical anesthetics, corticosteroids, and systemic agents, while newer approaches include nanotechnology-based delivery systems, mucoadhesive formulations, and natural herbal remedies. This review comprehensively explores the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and advances in therapeutic management of mouth ulcers. Future perspectives and research trends are also discussed to highlight novel treatment strategies.