3D Printing for Difficult Airway Management: A Narrative Systematic Review of Realism, Cost-Effectiveness, and Clinical Relevance

Abstract: Background: Anesthesiologists, intensivists, and emergency physicians must manage airways effectively. Due to insufficient simulation fidelity and exposure, training for uncommon and challenging airway scenarios is still restricted. An inventive solution that makes it possible to create anatomically precise, patient-specific airway structures for simulation-based learning is three-dimensional (3D) printing. Techniques: Using PRISMA guidelines, a narrative systematic review was carried out. The terms "3D printing," "difficult airway," and "simulation training" were used to search PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from 2010 to 2025. The cost-effectiveness, realism, or educational results of 3D-printed airway applications were reported in studies that qualified. Results: A total of fourteen studies were incorporated. Improved anatomical realism has always been linked to 3D printing, especially when it comes to reproducing uncommon abnormalities. When compared to traditional mannequins and cadavers, educational studies showed enhanced learner satisfaction, procedural confidence, and skill transfer. When compared to high-fidelity simulators, cost analyses revealed significant savings. Limited durability, inconsistent material qualities, and a dearth of standardized validation techniques were among the difficulties. In conclusion, 3D printing offers realism, customization, and financial advantages, making it a revolutionary supplement to challenging airway training. Although preliminary data is encouraging, widespread curriculum integration requires multicenter validation and standardized evaluation procedures. Keywords: 3D printing, difficult airway, simulation-based education, airway management, narrative systematic review.