Zero-Sum Gender Beliefs

Abstract: This study examines the psychometric properties of the Zero-Sum Perspective of Gender Status (ZSPGS) scale, which measures the belief that gains for one gender come at the expense of the other. We compared a single-item and a six-item version of the scale using data from 30,510 participants across 62 countries. We tested measurement invariance (MI), variability, reliability, and validity across cultures. The six-item ZSPGS demonstrated partial scalar invariance, supporting its use in cross-national research. The single-item ZSPGS, derived from the six-item scale, showed greater variability in scores, consistent with known limitations of single-item measures. Both versions correlated moderately with hostile sexism (HS), but weaker than expected with hostility toward men (HM). Discriminant validity was mixed, as correlations with benevolent sexism (BS) and benevolence toward men (BM) were stronger than anticipated. Gender differences emerged: HS was more strongly associated with ZSPGS among men, while HM showed stronger links among women. Both scales predicted lower intentions to engage in collective action for gender equality, indirectly via increased HS. While the single-item ZSPGS offers a practical option for brief surveys, the six-item scale provides greater measurement precision and is recommended when possible. Our findings highlight both the utility and limitations of ZSPGS in research.