Enhancing Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of B20milkscum Biodiesel in a Diesel Engine Using Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles as an Additive

Milk scum offers a comparable density and calorific value to diesel, with even flow due to its low sediment content; however, it requires regular cleaning for carbon deposits and careful storage due to its higher acidity. Milk scum biodiesel exhibits lower cylinder pressure and power output, indicating a need for engine tuning, particularly in terms of injection timing. The addition of aluminium oxide enhances combustion efficiency, resulting in higher heat release and faster combustion. B20 milk-scum biodiesel with Aluminium Oxide achieves higher volumetric efficiency and reduced HC and smoke emissions at lower and mid-power levels, though CO emissions rise at higher power. Milk scum biodiesel is a safe and eco-friendly alternative to diesel, with a higher flash point and no sulfur content, resulting in lower SOx emissions. Milk scum biodiesel with aluminium oxide presents a viable diesel alternative, offering improved combustion and emissions control; however, careful tuning and adherence to emissions regulations are necessary to maximize its benefits.