Fate and Transport of Agrochemicals in Soil and Water Resources

Abstract The increasing use of agrochemicals, including fertilizers and pesticides, has significantly enhanced agricultural productivity. However their widespread and often indiscriminate application has raised concerns regarding environmental contamination and soil health. This review comprehensively explore the fate and transport mechanism of agrochemicals in soil systems. Key processes such as sorption, degradation, volatilization, leaching, runoff and preferential flow govern the behavior of these compounds once introduced into the soil environment. These processes are influenced by a variety of factors, including the physiochemical properties of the agrochemicals, soil texture and structure, organic matter content, microbial activity, and climatic conditions. The interaction of these factors determine the mobility, persistence and potential for groundwater contamination or bio accumulation in terrestrial ecosystems. Particular attention is given to synergistic effects of pesticides and heavy metals coming from various sources. This review aims to provide a consolidated understanding of agrochemical behvior in soil to guide future research, risk assessment and policy development.