Conservation of Indigenous Fish Species in Himalayan Rivers: Challenges and Strategies

Abstract The Himalayan rivers harbor a rich diversity of indigenous hill fish species, including the iconic golden mahseer (Tor putitora) and snowtrout (Schizothorax richardsonii), which play critical ecological, socio-economic, and cultural roles. These species sustain nutrient cycling, regulate aquatic food webs, and act as bioindicators of freshwater health, while simultaneously supporting rural livelihoods, eco-tourism, and traditional conservation practices. However, their survival is increasingly threatened by hydropower development, habitat fragmentation, exotic fish introductions, destructive fishing practices, and the intensifying impacts of climate change. This study synthesizes insights from published scientific literature, institutional reports, and field-based studies to examine the current status of hill stream fisheries, identify key threats, and evaluate conservation strategies. Findings highlight severe habitat loss, population declines, and knowledge gaps across the Eastern Himalayas, underscoring the urgent need for integrated interventions. Promising approaches include community-driven sanctuaries, watershed-based management, restoration of migratory pathways, sustainable aquaculture, and policy frameworks that balance development with biodiversity conservation. Safeguarding Himalayan hill fish requires not only scientific innovation but also active participation of local communities and transboundary cooperation. By adopting a holistic, multidisciplinary approach, it is possible to secure the ecological integrity of these rivers while sustaining the cultural and livelihood values deeply embedded within Himalayan societies. Keywords: Indigenous fish, Himalayan rivers, freshwater biodiversity, ecological importance, community-based conservation, sustainable fisheries management.