Analysis of Social Housing Policies in Iran Using Grounded Theory

Housing is a fundamental human need, yet rapid urbanization and macroeconomic instability have intensified affordability pressures for low-income groups in Iran. This study employs a grounded theory (GT) qualitative design, based on expert interviews, to evaluate the effectiveness of major state-led initiatives, including the National Housing Plan, the Mehr Housing Project, and the Worker Housing Project. GT enables concepts and categories to emerge inductively from empirical evidence, providing a context-specific understanding of policy dynamics. Findings indicate persistent structural deficiencies: weak site selection, inadequate infrastructure and services, limited stakeholder participation, and insufficient attention to macroeconomic conditions. These shortcomings, together with the spatial concentration of disadvantaged groups, have undermined policy outcomes. In a comparative perspective, participatory models backed by sustainable finance and clear governance, such as Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), used in several developed countries, contrast with Iran's centralized approach. The study contributes to the housing policy literature by integrating interview-based evidence with international frameworks and by highlighting the need for multi-sectoral, transparent, and financially resilient strategies. Policy implications include strengthening inter-agency coordination and municipal roles, adopting mixed financing mechanisms, integrating infrastructure and services at the planning stage, and designing dispersion and inclusion measures to reduce socio-spatial segregation.