Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Potential, and Traditional Uses of Mahua Species: A Comprehensive Review

Madhuca species, commonly referred to as Mahua or the butternut tree, belongs to the Sapotaceae family and is renowned for its multifaceted medicinal and nutritional properties. This deciduous tree is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, with India being a primary hub of its growth and utilization. Madhuca spp. holds a pivotal place in traditional medicine and indigenous practices, with its bark, leaves, flowers, seeds, and roots exhibiting diverse pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and anti-ulcer properties. The tree's flowers serve as a rich source of sugars, vitamins, and minerals, and are employed in the preparation of tonics, cooling agents, and fermented beverages. Additionally, its bark and leaves are used for treating ailments ranging from rheumatism and ulcers to bronchitis and diabetes. This review delves into the phytochemical constituents of Madhuca species, highlighting bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, and glycosides, which contribute to its therapeutic potential. Moreover, it explores the traditional, industrial, and pharmacological significance of Madhuca spp., emphasizing its critical role in herbal medicine and sustainable healthcare practices. By bridging traditional knowledge with modern pharmacological research, this study underscores the importance of conserving and utilizing this versatile plant for developing safer and more effective remedies for various health conditions.