"ELECTRIC VEHICLE ADOPTION AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN KARNATAKA: TRENDS, CHALLENGES, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS"

Electric mobility has emerged as one of the most promising solutions for reducing carbon emissions, dependence on fossil fuels, and urban air pollution. Karnataka has positioned itself as a pioneer in electric vehicle (EV) adoption by becoming the first Indian state to launch a dedicated EV and Energy Storage Policy in 2017. This study evaluates the state’s EV ecosystem between 2015 and 2025, examining adoption patterns across two-wheelers, cars, and buses, alongside developments in charging infrastructure and policy frameworks. Data is sourced from government reports, NITI Aayog, Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), and media publications. The analysis reveals robust growth in EV cars and buses, though two-wheeler adoption has slowed since 2023 due to safety concerns and limited consumer confidence. Karnataka has also deployed one of India’s largest charging networks, although private sector participation remains inconsistent. The study’s implications highlight the need for Karnataka to strengthen public–private partnerships, incentivize rural adoption, and address consumer trust in two-wheeler EVs. Findings suggest that strategic alignment between state and central policies is crucial for Karnataka to sustain its leadership role in India’s green mobility transition.