Ecological Functions and Microbial Diversity in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments: New Approaches in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics for Environmental Monitoring and Management

Microbial diversity and ecological roles in terrestrial and aquatic environments are considered to be fundamental pillars of maintaining biological balance and ecosystem sustainability. Investigating microbial communities using advanced biotechnology and bioinformatics approaches has enabled accurate analysis and effective management of environmental health. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the biodiversity of microorganisms, especially bacteria and fungi, and examines their effects on bioremediation processes, nutrient cycles, and maintaining ecological balance in soil and water. The use of advanced methods such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics tools has enabled more precise identification of the structure, function, and dynamics of microbial communities down to the molecular level. These techniques play an important role in identifying key species, assessing the effects of pollution, and predicting the response of microbial communities to environmental changes. Research conducted between 2023 and 2025 has shown that the integration of biotechnology with bioinformatics offers new methods for environmental monitoring, improving soil and water quality, and sustainable management of pollutants. In addition to highlighting the importance of microbial diversity as environmental indicators, this study also addresses the challenges and opportunities in the development of biomonitoring technologies and bioinformatics modeling.