Lithium treatment and hyperparathyroidism: Clinical implications and management

Objective: To analyze the association between chronic lithium treatment and hyperparathyroidism, exploring pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. Methods: A review of clinical cases and literature evidence is presented, integrating findings from real-world psychiatric populations. Results: Lithium use was associated with elevated serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, increasing the risk of nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular complications. Discussion: Hyperparathyroidism secondary to lithium therapy represents a significant but often overlooked adverse effect. Its detection requires systematic biochemical monitoring and clinical awareness. Conclusion: Regular calcium and PTH assessments are recommended in patients receiving lithium, with individualized management strategies including dose adjustment, medical therapy, or parathyroidectomy in selected cases.